International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, Check if you have access via personal or institutional login, International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, Graft-transmissibility of resistance to cowpea aphid (. IITA Collaborators’ Meeting on Grain Legume Improvement, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cowpea Research, Production and Utilization, Pests of Grain Legumes:Ecology and Control, Cowpea cultivars resistant to insect pests in world germplasm collection, In Pests of Grain Legumes: Ecology and Control, Biology and Breeding for Resistance to Arthropods and Pathogens of Agricultural Plants, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400014351. Consumed preys increased with increasing density, handling time was shortest for L3. 8.5). In their study on the influence of rainfall, temperature and relative humidity on groundnut leaf rust epidemiology, Lokhande (1998) observed that rainfall of about 200 mm, temperature between 23.5 to 29.4°C and relative humidity in the range 67 to 84% are congenial weather conditions for initiation and development of this disease. Non fumigant nematicides are aldicarb, carbofuran, and phenamiphos. Females have a long slender Stylet with rounded knobs, whereas males usually have less developed or no stylet. Groundnut Pod Rots 2. Apply carbofuran at the rate a.i. Twenty-four accessions showed considerably reduced damage. Descriptions of Plant Viruses, Proc. High temperatures and moist conditions are associated with germination of sclerotia. Follow a crop rotation such as tobacco-maize-groundnut to reduce the population of nematodes. Multiple applications of a fungicide such as benomyl, captafol, chlorothalonil, copper hydroxide, mancozeb, or sulphur fungicides may control early and late leaf spot. Use soil solarization for at least 70 days during summer months. Avoid damage to the testa while decorticating. The second stage of juveniles invade roots at or close to the tip and migrate to the site of differentiating vascular tissues. The rust epidemic commonly occurs during prolonged dry spell after heavy showers. Groundnut Rosette 11. Infected plants with root-knot nematodes may show various degrees of stunting and chlorosis. Peanut Clump 12. Early sowing and maintenance of a good plant stand are helpful in reducing the disease incidence. Later infected plants may only show bud necrosis on a few branches and axillary shoot proliferations may be restricted to the terminal portion. Sprays of dithiocarbamate have been found effective to control rust and late leaf spots. Unlike many basidiomycete fungi, the basidiospores are not enclosed in a fleshy, fruiting body or mushroom. Potential use of A. exotica in augmentative biological control is discussed. In nature, R. solani reproduces asexually and exists primarily as vegetative mycelium and/or sclerotia. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. Root-Knot Nematode 13. Collar Rot/Crown Rot and Stem Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii): Disease # 3. Aphis craccivora is mainly responsible for the spread of rosette disease. Share Your Word File Solarize the soil during the hot dry season. Plants infected at early stages are severely stunted. Root-knot nematodes enter and damage groundnut roots, pegs, and pods. For example, use of excessive chlorothalonil for control of foliar diseases increases the severity of Sclerotinia blight. Most of the pod rots are due to the combined attack of several fungi. However, this schedule could be modified using a suitable disease forecast system based on temperature, humidity, cloudy weather, and rainfall pattern to save the fungicide and reduce the spray cost. The females are attracted to green plants and seem to distinguish between the odor of their original host-plant and others. Answer Now and help others. Such seedlings lack a secondary root system, a condition known as “aflaroot” Yellow-green Aspergillus colonies develop on over mature and damaged seeds and pods. nymph of A. craccivora per polybag on both the PGPR-application plants and the control-application plants. Vingt-quatre acquisitions ont montré une reduction considerable des dommages. Crown Rot 5. v. Grow cultivars tolerant to late leaf spot: ICGV 87160 or ICGV 86590. vi. The occurrence of pod rots may be severe due to attacks of nematodes, termites, and millipedes on pods, thus predisposing the invasion by fungi and bacteria. Fungus toxins are translocated throughout the seedling in the transpiration stream. Adjust the date of sowing to avoid conditions favorable for rapid disease development. Warm, moist conditions favour the growth of this fungus. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Ring Nematode. They also found greater infection efficiency with alternate high and low RH. Symptoms are mainly confined to leaflets but pustules can be seen on all the aerial parts of a plant except the flower. Sammour E.A., El-Hawary F.M.A. These germinate by germ tubes and cause infection directly or through stomata. It is essential to know the peak period of aphid migration before application of insecticides. Root-Lesion Nematode 14. Feed prepared with this meal caused the death of 100 000 turkeys in Great Britain. Many root primordia and young roots were killed, resulting in a few lateral roots. They observed free water on the leaves in the high Relative Humidity treatment, which suggests that leaf wetness may be an important variable. iii. These clusters of black spore heads can usually be seen without magnification. Due to excessive spotting of leaves there is defoliation and general weakening results in lower yields. Rust (Puccinia arachidis) is identified by the appearance of orange pustules (uredinia) on the abaxial (lower) surface of leaves and reddish brown urediniospores (uredospores). The soil temperature during solarization should rise above 60°C to kill the nematodes as well as soil borne fungi. They have a single outstretched ovary. The radiate heads split with maturity. Life cycle of the aphid predator Allograpta exotica: egg (a), third instar larva feeding on Aphis craccivora (b), pupa (c), female imago (d). In India, a continuous dry period characterized by high temperature (>26°C) and low relative humidity (<70%) is reported to delay rust occurrence and severity, whereas intermittent rain, high relative humidity and 20 to 26°C temperature favor disease development. Infected plants generally become stunted with symptoms of vein clearing chlorosis on the leaflets. Aspergillus flavus produces hyphae that are colourless, septate and branched. Sclerotia (0.5-2.0 mm diameter) begin to develop after 4-7 days of mycelial growth. Privacy Policy3.
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