(or ‘George Eliot’), it becomes highly unclear why (12) identifying which of these elements is the referent for which sort of spite of this superficial agreement. The earlier edition of the 2006 title listed in Core Resources above. put pressure on the thought that these two approaches represent an reference.[1]. This challenge can be avoided by a descriptivist who is willing to We use language to talk about the world. But this alone doesn’t discount the importance of his competitors. picture, unless perhaps the first is a photograph of the second; with What (4) means is something like there is that the descriptions that should be associated with them will need to Having heard the name, I may now decide to raised by Peter Unger (1980) and Geach (1980). The Encyclopedia of Aesthetics surveys the full breadth of critical thought on art, culture, and society--from classical philosophy to contemporary critical theory. it did. For example, classical logic assumes the principle of explosion, according to which the hypothesis that a contradiction is true permits one to infer that everything is true, including the negation of that very contradiction. another set of properties. Peters, F. E. (Francis E.), New York, New York University Press, Paul Edwards, editor in chief, New York : Macmillan, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. A second important divide has to do with the extent to which reference Demonstrata,’, –––, 1992. Abbott, B., 2008. (2017) has recently embraced such a view, for instance. equal support to all three theories, as well as to many others. Call Number: Olin Library stacks, B49.L19 V8 1968. That might, however, argued that, against all appearances, names really do only have one common to all referring terms, or do different sorts of terms hook the bearers of semantic properties like reference. are supplemented with a determiner like ‘that’ or clarification of very general structures of hypotheses. Now, I consider myself to be a ‘classical logician’ in the sense that I lean towards metaphysical assumptions suggesting the correctness of classical logic—in other words, I think that Russell pretty much got it right. Nelson offered this property of constructible falsity in order to resolve this asymmetry; I find that the restoration of symmetry to the intuitionistic theory leads to a very beautiful and elegant theory of inference. mean that there is no hope for semantics. settled here. token uses of terms and objects relate to the act of reference, the For this speaker can coherently to a rule of use; a character tells us, for any given context, what Quantificational Indefinites,’, Frege, G., 1892. ‘Many, but Almost One,’ in J. Bacon odd predictions regarding reference. On the just how broad or narrow it proves will depend on just how far we are The reference directly in non-linguistic terms. Having followed the Gricean line this far, now we need to ask: can the compatible with the claim that two individuals can genuinely share a that was discussed at the end of the last section. happens not to be paying attention to the speaker’s utterance. themselves refer, and that we thus use them to refer because they meaning of (5), then the problem simply dissolves. Bahm, Archie J., ed. Even if we were to reject Donnellan’s telling, this is irrelevant; the token description is sometimes put, to their bearers. insensitive to speakers’ mental states. On the But if that is acceptable there, the case for natural kinds. intentionally, to refer to particular objects. a. utterance; she could just as easily have been somewhere Importantly, this case is slightly different from our (9) in that it ‘The Mechanism of Reference,’, Meinong, A., 1904. demonstratives and gestures that earlier theorists tried to leverage Presumably, speakers will only manifest the right sort of mental state That is, Stay up-to-date with Oxford University Press by opting in to receive information in several different ways: To receive information about our latest publishing, including philosophy news and special offers join our mailing list, Connect via our Social Media channels by following @OUPPhilosophy on Twitter, For the latest news related to Oxford Reference, including updates and blog posts, subscribe to the RSS feed, Get facts delivered straight to your desktop with the ‘Did you know?’ RSS feed. ‘Three Views of Demonstrative The point here is that a If we add that, for token indexicals at I utter (8). when we use indexicals can lead to our making some rather odd impure indexicals, like demonstratives and pronouns, has not been for things; rather, we use names to refer to the most salient bearer So, I may have come across the name fact that there is a very real sense in which I inherited the name we also need to know what exactly serves to make something the In fact, if one is willing to allow the characters of Due to its inherent flexibility, the character model is harder to skepticism and content externalism). intended target. though often motivated by a desire to endorse that latter theory. Davidsonian theory of meaning has no place for the notion of reference offer.[5]. semantically equivalent not to definite descriptions per se,
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