language and gender theories

Headings have their own hierarchical logic, too: When you start to study language and gender, you may find it hard to discover what this subject, as a distinct area in the study of language, is about. Trudgill made a detailed study in which subjects were grouped by social class and sex. Perhaps I'll be a Mrs. Mopp,/With dusters, brush and pan./I'll scrub and rub till everything/Looked clean and spick and span." Without contextual clues, we might think of "camel, khaki" and "stone" as nouns denoting an animal, a cloth and a mineral - but all have become adjectives of colour by grammatical conversion. Create your own flash cards! This acceptance of a “proper” speech style, Cameron describes (in her 1995 book of the same name) as “verbal hygiene”. He or she uses the compound maxi-pads (but without giving any indication of knowing what these are for). Jesperson was the first modern linguist to investigate women's language. Thus, Lakoff does not only examine the specific language used by women, but also the language used about women[1]. Briefly, it can be seen clearly that every society has its own characteristics attached to its language and gender differences in using a language are of great varieties. The man, meanwhile, invites a friend without asking his wife first, because to tell the friend he must check amounts to a loss of status. Social Labeling and Gender Practices 69 Sally McConnell-Ginet 4 Variation in Language and Gender 98 Suzanne Romaine 5 Language and Desire 119 Don Kulick 6 "One Man in Two is a Woman": Linguistic Approaches to Gender in Literary Texts 142 Anna Livia . There are two important things sociolinguists did in their study about language and gender. Lakoff suggests that asking questions shows women's insecurity and hesitancy in communication, whereas Fishman looks at questions as an attribute of interactions: Women ask questions because of the power of these, not because of their personality weaknesses. There are separate guides to pragmatics and speech on this site. What are these distinctions? Cheshire 1982. Brunette has a similar origin, as has the compound noun redhead (there is no common term known to me for a woman with black hair) - but these are used to denote appearance rather than character. But they take particular forms when the speaker (usually) or writer is male and the addressee is female. Professor Crystal in his Encyclopedia of the English Language gives less than two full pages to it (out of almost 500). These explanations seem to rely on the assumption that women’s behaviour is aberrant and has to be explained .Why should women’s standard speech or correct behaviours need to be explained? Some of the names are interesting - "Topshop" contains a simple pun (a place where you may buy "tops" [itself a fairly new noun to mean various kinds of garment] and "top" as in "best"). This was both more “natural”, and more “proper” as men were the “worthier” sex. Studies of language and gender often make use of two models or paradigms - that of dominance and that of difference. Language and Gender Women's language and men's language Sometimes, there are very clear differences between the forms of language typically used by women and those typically used by men. A big advocate of this approach is Deborah Tannen. Her most important works Language and Woman’s Place and Women’s Language threw light upon the possibility of discrimination through language use. Jennifer Coates looks at all-female conversation and builds on Deborah Tannen's ideas. I suppose that one of these studies may be true in one society but may not be valid and reliable in another society. But the structure and organization of the forum determines in advance how and where the users' messages will appear. Similarly while men (especially young men) may describe a woman as a slut, tart or slag, it is perhaps equally or more likely that other young women will call her this directly - and may continue to use such insults into adult life. If there are differences in the language used by different gender, what linguistic aspects are different? Men grow up in a world in which conversation is competitive - they seek to achieve the upper hand or to prevent others from dominating them. Sherzer (1987) describes the language practices of Kuna Indians of Panama. Conversely, it is claimed that standard forms is associated with femininity and so this is why women use them. In Politeness and the Linguistic Construction of Gender in Parliament: An Analysis of Transgressions and Apology Behaviour, she applies pragmatic models, such as the politeness theory of Brown and Levinson and Grice's conversational maxims, to transcripts of parliamentary proceedings, especially where speakers break the rules that govern how MPs may speak in the House of Commons. For example, women are more likely to say “Will you help me with these groceries, please ? The Woman describes differences in women's compared to men's speech and voice pitch. From their small (possibly unrepresentative) sample Zimmerman and West conclude that, since men interrupt more often, then they are dominating or attempting to do so. Studies of sex differences in length of utterances in children indicate that girls are significantly superior to boys at various matched age levels in average length of utterance ( Winitz, 1959). non-sexist usage | (5) use of an intensive “so” (I like him so much) With a view to answering those questions, sociolinguists have been trying to carry out such a lot of research and surveys and lay out different thesis and theories for this issue. But equally you should know that this difference is not universal - so there will be men who exhibit “feminine” conversational qualities - or women who follow the conversational styles associated with men. This, however, is an overgeneralization. Is it because women are not considered as equal as men that their language and behaviour need to be examined and judged? The structure of each (even allowing for the fact that these are extracts from longer texts) is fairly clear - and helps the reader in knowing how to approach them. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. This essay will at first demonstrate the development process of two main theories dealing with gender and language (the so called dominance and the difference -theory) and afterwards assess their adequacy in explaining linguistic behaviour in gender interaction. Coates sees women's simultaneous talk as supportive and cooperative. The description reads: This is unobjectionable but not very helpful - essentially it tells you that you have to study spoken and written data.

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