Nature, 466(7308):824-825, Brasier CM, Webber JF, 2012. 5th Symposium on California Oak Woodlands, USDA Forest Service. Combining inferential and deductive approaches to estimate the potential geographical range of the invasive plant pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. 89 (11), 1241. Forest Ecology and Management, 261(11):1973-1986, Venette, R. C., Cohen, S. D., 2006. Forest Pathology, 44(3), 219-232. doi: 10.1111/efp.12085, Frankel SJ, 2008. - Sites, soil and streams can be monitored by baiting with rhododendron leaves (Davidson et al., 2002c). IPP Report No. 89 (2), 204. PQR database. Goheen EM, Hansen EM, Kanaskie A, McWilliams MG, Osterbauer N, Sutton W, 2002b. The past, present, and future of sudden oak death. The European Union Pest Risk Analysis for P. ramorum (Sansford et al., 2009) lists 68 countries that mention P. ramorum in their regulations (Kliejunas, 2010). A database of species tested for susceptibility is available at the Risk Analysis for Phytophthora ramorum website (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk/). It is possible to bait P. ramorum from soil, streams, infected leaves, and to a limited extent from wood (Werres et al., 2001; Davidson et al., 2002c). Information on Pest Status in the Republic of Lithuania in 2015. Soil, water and leaves may be infected/infested and infectious but only infected plants have been shown to be highly contagious (Serrano et al., 2020): it is possible to experimentally infect leaves by placing them over infested soil, and it is possible to infect wood by placing it under infected leaves. Hulvey, J., Gobena, D., Finley, L., Lamour, K., 2010. First report of Phytophthora ramorum on Viburnum bodnantense in Belgium. Plant Disease. Kamvar ZN, Larsen MM, Kanaskie AM, Hansen EM, Grünwald NJ, 2015. Collar rot occurs at the base of the trunk and extends to just below the soil line. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 29(4):408-420. http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/tcjpp/plant.html, Blomquist CL, Rooney-Latham S, Soriano MC, McCarty JC, 2012. This is often accompanied by a loss of foliage. Forest Ecology and Management, 231(1/3), 18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.036, Vercauteren, A., Boutet, X., D'hondt, L., Bockstaele, E. van, Maes, M., Leus, L., Chandelier, A., Heungens, K., 2011. While colonies will generally emerge from plated plant material within 6 days, at times up to 3 weeks has been necessary to obtain cultures. The lack of fungal reproductive structures can assist in differentiating P. ramorum symptoms from other symptoms caused by fungi. From hosts such as Arctostaphylos, Acer, Aesculus and Lonicera, isolations can be extremely difficult. Control. 1-14. http://forestphytophthoras.org/sites/default/files/educational_materials/IdentifyingPramorumlarchjune2011.pdf, Denman S, Kirk S A, Brasier C M, Barton V C, Hughes K J D, Webber J F, 2005a. (2001); Davidson et al. Life Cycle Although the name sudden oak death implies a rapid decline, trees actually die over a period of months to years. Mycological Research. Mycologia, 108(1), 6-19. http://www.mycologia.org/content/108/1/6.abstract doi: 10.3852/15-038, Bulajic A, Djekic I, Jovic J, Krnjajic S, Vucurovic A, Krstic B, 2010. Wind and wind-driven rains are believed to spread the caducous P. ramorum sporangia within forest canopies (11) from which it is likely that zoospores are released from the sporangia and swim to new infection sites. Unpublished Report., Raleigh, USA: USDA-APHIS. [Proceedings of Sudden Oak Death Fifth Science Symposium, Gen. Tech. P. ramorum produces sporangia on … Managing Phytophthora ramorum in the Netherlands. Spread of P. ramorum from Nurseries into Waterways-Implications for Pathogen Establishment in New Areas. California Agriculture, 57(1):18-23; 15 ref, Garbelotto M, Popenuck T, Hall B, Schweigkofler W, Dovana F, Goldstein de Salazar R, Schmidt D, Sims LL, 2020. There are currently more than 80 described species of Phytophthora worldwide, and the vast majority of them are plant pathogens. DOI:10.1094/PD-89-0204C, Hüberli D, Reuther K D, Smith A, Swain S, Tse J G, Garbelotto M, 2004. Plant Disease, 98(3):423. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0767-PDN. Werres S, Marwitz R, 1997. Plant Disease, 96(12):1829. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Boutet, X., Vercauteren, A., Heungens, K., Laurent, F., Chandelier, A., 2010. A survey in natural forest ecosystems of Vietnam reveals high diversity of both new and described Phytophthora taxa including P. ramorum. https://www.ippc.int/index.php?id=1110520&no_cache=1&type=pestreport&L=0, IPPC, 2016. Plant Pathology. Economic impacts in Oregon were estimated by Hall and Albers (2009). Phytophthora blight spreads mainly by 1) water and 2) human activities. Paris, France: EPPO.https://gd.eppo.int, Eyre, C. A., Garbelotto, M., 2015. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth, Vettraino A M, Hüberli D, Swain S, Bienapfl J C, Smith A, Garbelotto M, 2006. In 2009, P. ramorum was confirmed as the cause of extensive dieback and mortality in mature and juvenile Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) at a number of sites in south-west England. The pathogen as we know it today first attacks the leaves of plants growing beneath oak trees such as mountain laurel, camellia, rhododendron and viburnum. Detection, distribution, sporulation, and survival of Phytophthora ramorum in a California redwood-tanoak forest soil. University of California, Agricultural and Natural Resources Publication 8426, 8426:14, Lee ChangSeok, Lee AnNa, Cho YongChan, 2008. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34728. Phytopathology, 101(6S), 74. Almost every host has some specific requirements to maximise isolation success. Composting as a control for sudden oak death disease. NL-5/1., Rome, Italy: FAO. and mate. Phytophthora ramorum colonizes tanoak xylem and is associated with reduced stem water transport. These detections were considered episodic and the infested plants were destroyed. 53 (4), 525. in a California nursery. Illustration of key morphological characteristics of Phytophthora species identified in Virginia nursery irrigation water. Revista de Ciências Agrárias (Portugal). DOI:10.1094/PDIS-92-2-0314B, Grünwald N J, Kitner M, McDonald V, Goss E M, 2008a. It is unclear whether in nature, soil and water populations may be epidemiologically significant, possibly because selection pressure leading to adaptation to live in soil and water may not be beneficial to the aerial lifestyle of the pathogen. http://www.doacs.fl.us, Forrestel, A. Normally this browning occurs 1-4 years post infection. (2011); Garbelotto and Hayden (2012); Grünwald et al. Outlooks on Pest Management, 23(2), 72-75. http://www.pestoutlook.com doi: 10.1564/23apr07, Anacker, B. L., Rank, N. E., Hüberli, D., Garbelotto, M., Gordon, S., Harnik, T., Whitkus, R., Meentemeyer, R., 2008. requires a film of water, so correspondence between lesion location on a leaf and where water would accumulate can be a helpful diagnostic feature to differentiate fungal from Phytophthora infections. Rep. PSW-GTR-243, Petaluma, California], 159. Leaf infection will occur in a few hours, and infected leaves may persist on the branch for more than a year, providing a persistent source of inoculum on some trees. Plant Pathology. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, EPPO, 2019. Phytophthora ramorum (sudden oak death (SOD)); aerial stem canker on a tan-oak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus). DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2003.00894.x. Plant Disease, 98(6):849-850. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Garbelotto M, Davidson JM, Ivors K, Maloney PE, Hnberli D, Koike ST, Rizzo DM, 2003. Spread potential in forests has been elucidated by several studies in California and Oregon employing population genetics approaches.
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