x�+�r This somewhat surprising finding is in contrast to the results of field studies which demonstrated attraction of plum curculio to traps baited with benzaldehyde [17]. endobj Chemical compounds such as the lures tested in this study, which depend on prevailing environmental conditions to be released in the right concentration, are likely to vary in their performance in fluctuating field conditions compared to the more stable laboratory environment. �26S073QI�r � <>>>/Contents 6 0 R/Parent 3 0 R>> These varying results on lure performance may be related to several factors including the type of insect (strains), physicochemical properties of the lures, and differential attractiveness of tree fruit species/varieties, prevailing orchard conditions, strain differences, and physiological state of weevils. Funding for this study was provided through grants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Region 4), Strategic Agricultural Initiative grants program (EPA Grant no. Most orders will be shipped within 2 days. Plum Curculio - Benzaldehyde Lure - 25 pc. In the binary comparison of PE versus BZ + PE, both the females (, , and ) and males (, , and ) showed greater response to PE than to BZ + PE or the controls (Figure 2(a)). The release rate of GA lure was also determined in a parallel study using the same procedures. x�+�r endobj We evaluated the effectiveness of two widely used trap types (pyramid versus Circle traps) and commercially available synthetic lures for monitoring the pest in two peach orchards in Alabama during 2008 and 2009. endobj 22 0 obj �26S073QI�r � endobj Very Limited Attraction of unwanted insects such as lacewings, ladybugs, bees and other beneficial insects attracted to yellow sticky cards. In fact, BZ lure is commonly regarded as the most attractive lure for plum curculio when combined with GA and is widely used for monitoring the pest in the field [17, 26, 28, 43]. Means having no letter in common are significantly different (ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer HSD, P. J. Chapman, “The plum curculio as an apple pest,”, C. D. Mampe and H. H. Neunzig, “The biology, parasitism, and population sampling of the plum curculio on blueberry in North Carolina,”, G. Racette, G. Chouinard, C. Vincent, and S. B. Hill, “Ecology and management of plum curculio in apple orchards,”, D. L. Horton and H. C. Ellis, “Plum curculio,” in. endstream 12 0 obj This may be related to the tendency of plum curculio to feign death upon the slightest disturbance. PE had higher release rate (1.51 mg/hr) than BZ (0.36 mg/hr) and GA (ca. x�+�r To use first hang on tree limb or other structure along with stink bug lure. The aim was to determine the biologically active chemical components in each lure. x�+�r 18 0 obj 1�AS���-���Sϱ3����D-�=�)6,z_%O��|�����^;1 c�V�|�t%�$-�^*�7E,o�WKL� �eWa���� WbÕ�z֥�x�g�"P�|�����X�� /+�U0�Q'-��!�U�bQ�Ҟb����%���@����&V=������b�S!�DBڸ��{�ةS�S��:�Sn�q�!~��~����r '���@�F���\�����;e����ʁ��F�l�m\+ Plum curculio has definite varietal preferences based principally on regional reproductive success. In other words, only two lure treatments (binary tests) were compared at a given time. Monitoring of plum curculio adults is difficult since they respond poorly to olfactory or visual traps. The mean release rates (mg/day) were calculated for each lure and the synthetic form of their components. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate response of plum curculio to the three tested lures. Earlier studies identified several active compounds from host plants (both fruiting and nonfruiting parts) which are attractive to plum curculio [16, 17, 20, 21]. Four-choice olfactometer tests were conducted to evaluate response of plum curculio to multiple treatments comprising the lures and their key chemical components (i.e., 3 odor treatments and 1 control). These results again confirmed the attractiveness of the PE lure and the inhibitory effect of TCB when mixed with PE. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana, https://etd.auburn.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10415/2300/PhD%20Dissertation%208-3-2010.pdf?sequence=2&ts=1444219595450. endobj This is a large 6x28”, heavy duty card, with no-mess adhesive, release paper, and twist tie hanger. These results are again contrary to some field studies which reported either a synergistic effect of combining BZ or GA lures [26] or an additive interaction between BZ and PE and between BZ and GA [9]. The BZ and PE lures were dispensed by transferring aliquots into 0.8 mL microcentrifuge vials (USA Scientific Inc., Ocala, FL) in which a cotton string (~2.5 cm long) was threaded through a hole drilled through the lid of the cap to aid in the release of the lures. Also, the response to synthetic lures might differ depending on the habitat. <>stream JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. The inhibitory effects of BZ lure may be due to the presence of TCB. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Briefly, the apparatus consisted of a central chamber (30 × 30 × 5 cm) with orifices (arms) at the four corners through which purified and humidified air can be drawn in, creating four potential odor fields, and a central orifice where mixing of the airflow from the arms occurred. <>>>/Contents 12 0 R/Parent 3 0 R>> In experiment 1, the following four treatments were compared: BZ lure, pure synthetic BEN, pure synthetic TCB, and control. The colony was periodically supplemented with weevils collected from the same field locations in Alabama. The relatively greater attractiveness of PE lure may be due to its higher release rates, as determined in the release rate experiment. 27 0 obj endobj The BZ and PE lures were in liquid form and were used without any major modifications through either dilution or mixing with solvents. Aside from this, it is plausible that the weevils reared in the laboratory are different from those that occur naturally in the field in their response to odor. �26S073QI�r � endobj One difference was that three odor treatments were compared simultaneously (i.e., multiple treatment comparisons). Analysis of the pooled data showed that when BZ and PE were compared as binary odor treatments, plum curculio females (, , and ) and males (, , and ) were significantly more attracted to PE than to BZ or the controls (Figure 1(a)). %PDF-1.4 Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana. The GA lure dispenser consisted of a heat-sealed polymer membrane. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. <>stream <>>>/Contents 24 0 R/Parent 3 0 R>> Based on these results which indicated that the physiological conditions of adult plum curculio have very little effect on their response to the lures, data obtained for weevils of different physiological states (i.e., age, diet, and mating) were pooled by sex and analyzed using one-way ANOVA to compare response of each sex to different lure treatments. The popular combined BZ + GA lure was significantly less attractive than the combined BZ + PE lure. The third commercial lure tested, grandisoic acid (GA), which is the male-produced aggregation pheromone of plum curculio [25] was also not attractive to both sexes when tested either as single lure or in combination with other lures. The northern strain has an obligate adult reproductive winter diapause, with one generation per year, whereas the southern strain weevils are multivoltine, with a facultative diapause. For each experiment, groups of 5 weevils of either sex were released per test in the olfactometer and replicated 12 times. Next, the release rates of the lures were determined gravimetrically and used to provide explanations for the results recorded in the olfactometer bioassays. PDF & Video. We tested this hypothesis by comparing attraction of plum curculio to PE, TCB, and PE + TCB. Olfactometer tests with pure 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) confirmed that this compound was inhibitory to plum curculio. Of the tested lures and synthetic components, PE was by far the most attractive to both sexes. These results are discussed in relation to the contrasting field reports which implicated BZ + GA as an effective attractant for plum curculio.
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