[3], An elaborate church organization secured the unity of Western Christianity. [148] To promote the Romanians' conversion to Calvinism, John Sigismund appointed a Protestant Romanian priest, Gheorghe of Sîngeorgiu, as their sole religious leader in 1566. [153] In his publication of texts from Servetus' works, Dávid emphasized Christ's poverty, but also stated that Christ's example should be followed "to the extent that it was possible to do so". [122] The unification of Royal Hungary and eastern Hungary under the Habsburgs' rule provoked an Ottoman invasion in 1552. The author argues that the Ottoman presence in Hungary could mean the co-existence of Ottoman bureaucrats and soldiers with the indigenous population. Katalin Peter offers is a vigorous and stimulating reassessment of the history of the Protestant Reformation in Hungary. He led the armed peasantry against Debrecen, but Melius repelled the attack. [34], According to modern historians' estimations, the kingdom was home to 3–4 million people in the late 1490s. As a result of the Ottoman invasion of Hungary, Hungary was divided into three parts in the 16th century. [note 1][8] The spread of paper manufacturing and the introduction of printing machines with movable type in Europe had a lasting impact on religious life. As the Ottoman authorities wanted to pacify the conquered territory, they were keen to maintain religious peace. A synod at Erdod adopted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1545, and by 1567 the Synod of Debrecen adopted the Reformed Heidelberg Catechism and the … For instance, most Kendis adhered to antitrinitarian theology, but, Two young Unitarian nobles, Miklós Bogáthy and Ferenc Wass, who had studied at the Protestant, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDaniel1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurdoch2003 (, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary&oldid=997526702, Articles containing Turkmen-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 23:36. [85] Fear of social unrest hindered the spread of Protestant ideas, but no peasant movements followed the 1514 peasant war, because the serfs easily extracted exemptions from their lords in the wake of the Ottoman expansion. Thereafter, a "free church in free state" model was adopted. The Reform movement spread through the country in the second half of the XVIth century. [204], Protestants and Catholics alike attributed particular importance to education. [57][58], As the Ottomans could never conquer the entire kingdom, its territory was divided into three parts. In line with Bullinger's views, he regarded the sacramental bread and wine as pure signs and symbols, for which the town council accused him of heresy and the Evangelical pastors' regional synod excommunicated him in Körösladány. In response to Luther's concept about a sinful humanity unable to fulfil divine law, the Council emphasized that humankind retained free will after the Fall. The Ottoman Turks did not urge Muslim conversion among the conquered. [190] The Sabbatarians who obeyed to all Mosaic laws distinguished themselves from Gerendi and his followers, who keep them selectively. The presence of Ferdinand's mercenaries strengthened the Catholics' position in eastern Hungary. The age of the Renaissance and the Reformation brought significant changes in the history of the Kingdom of Hungary. The author focuses on the special Ottoman context of the Hungarian Reformation movements including the Protestant and Catholic Reformation and the spiritual reform of Erasmian intellectuals. The three reviewers unanimously praised it for its clarity. Beyond the early creeds Athanasian Creed, Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, it accepts the Heidelberg Catechism, and the Second Helvetic Confession.[3][4]. The Diet established the jurisdiction of county courts to make judgement in disputes over tithes, authorized the Evangelical and Reformed senior clergy to pursue parish visitations and the titular bishops lost their seats in the Upper House. [10], Pope Leo X decided to complete the building of the St. Peter's Basilica and issued indulgence grants to finance the project in 1515. [161] In practice, the Edict of Torda granted the status of religio recepta to the antitrinitarian Transylvanian Unitarian Church. Between 1566 and 1570, Kolozsvár transformed into a predominantly antitrinitarian town, with repressed Reformed and Catholic minority communities. [59] Most nobles were hostile towards Protestant ideas, because they were convinced Hungary could resist Ottoman invasions only with the Pope's support. [35] About 90,000 burghers lived in the royal free boroughs; these were fortified towns and cities with extensive autonomy. First, it spread among the burghers and intelligentsia [154] The peasantry of the Partium was influenced by radical Anabaptist ideas. In 1552, Kálmáncsehi held two synods for the pastors of the region at Beregszász (Berehove, Ukraine) and they adopted decrees reflecting clear although moderate Calvinist influences. [178] Báthory could suppress antitrinitarian teaching in settlements with a religiously mixed population through exercising his patronage right. Pál Bornemissza, the newly appointed Catholic bishop of Transylvania, convoked a synod to make preparation for the re-Catholization of the deaneries under his jurisdiction. [39], The Royal Council was the composite kingdom's most important decision-making body. John Sigismund abandoned the title of king in his treaty with Maximilian in 1570, but continued to rule his realm using the title of Prince of Transylvania. [43] A member of the Florentine Platonic Academy, Francesco Bandini, was the King's close advisor and Bandini's friend, Marsilio Ficino, dedicated his treatise on salvation to Corvinus. A charismatic Romanian serf, Gheorghe Crăciun, gathered a peasant army to establish the Kingdom of God in Earth in 1570. [61] Four consecutive Diets laid down the fundamental principles of the eastern Hungarian kingdom's government in 1541 and 1542. [2], The Reformed Church in Hungary accepts the Bible as the word of God. The Saxon priests resisted almost all his demands and they were willing only to declare their adherence to the Augsburg Confession (that was also Báthory's demand). [176][177] Pockets of Reformed Romanian communities survived in the estates of Reformed aristocrats primarily in southwestern Transylvania. Clergymen—secular clerics and monks—were expected to remain celibate (unmarried and chaste). One of them established each nation's right to regulate its own internal affairs. The same year, John Sigismund converted to Calvinism. The debate was undecided and the Saxon preachers left Gyulafehérvár unharmed. The Diet ordered the expulsion of all Orthodox priests who refused to convert to Calvinism, but the decree was never implemented. [86] Most leaders of the towns with significant German population were receptive to preaching denouncing Catholic theology and liturgy. Under the influence of the parish priest, Huldrych Zwingli, who did not regard the Eucharist more than a symbolic act, the city council of Zürich outlawed the Mass in 1525. Ferenc Dávid, Kolozsvár's popular town pastor, was elected the Hungarian district's first superintendent. John Calvin encouraged and trained thousands of men to distribute the gospel across the continent, which included the mass printing of the Bible and Christian works in the local languages. It cut off two-thirds of Hungary's territories, and consequently a large number of Hungarian Reformed people now live in the surrounding countries. It highlighted the topicality of God’s Word. [154] The Kolozsvár magistrates appreciated Dávid's conservative attitude and the town council ordered the local pastors to comply with Dávid's teaching. Although he could not regulate religious issues without the Diet's consent, he could take advantage of theological conflicts and exploit the instability of the Protestant denominations' church organization. A courtier turned friar, Ignatius of Loyola, established a highly centralized religious order, the Society of Jesus. [45] A decree prohibited the discussion of religious issues at the Diet in 1604. A decisive debate was held at Nagyenyed (Aiud, Romania) in April 1564. The Ottoman army invaded Hungary and seized the kingdom's capital, Buda, without resistance on 29 August 1541. He argued that many actually unimportant elements of Catholic church life were alien to Orthodox travellers visiting Kronstad, a flourishing commercial center on the Hungarian–Wallachian border, and their frequent demands for an explanation could raise doubts about fundamental Christian doctrines in uneducated people. 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