), After a plebiscite British Togo is merged with the neighbouring colony of the Gold Coast, Go to Togo in Some of its major articles were as follows: This treaty, drawn up without African participation, provided the basis for the subsequent partition, invasion, and colonization of Africa by various European powers. The other colonial powers— Germany, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, and Italy—used varied administrative systems to facilitate control and economic exploitation. Colonization on the African Continent T-Dawg, 2008 2. The social factor was the third major element. ), Tanganyika becomes an independent nation with Julius Nyerere as prime minister, Go to Tanzania in Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. ), Anti-European riots in the Congo cause some 25,000 Belgians to flee the country, Go to Congo crisis (1960–65) in The reactions of disgust and displeasure to dirt and uncleanliness are often linked social norms and the wider cultural context, shaping the way in which Africa is still thought of today. Go to Libya in By the early twentieth century, however, much of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, had been colonized by European powers. A Dictionary of World History (2 ed. ), General Gordon marches south to protect Khartoum from the advancing forces of the Mahdi, Go to Gordon, Charles George (1833–85) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed. A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed. For Europeans, these treaties meant that Africans had signed away their sovereignties to European powers; but for Africans, the treaties were merely diplomatic and commercial friendship treaties. ), The relief of Mafeking ends a long siege which brings fame to the British commander of the garrison, Robert Baden-Powell, Go to Mafeking, siege of (1899–1900) in ), Mohammed ibn Abdullah (the Mad Mullah in British eyes) leads an uprising in British Somaliland, Go to Hasan, Muhammad Abdille Sayyid (1864–1920) in Consequently, African societies were in a state of flux, and many were organizationally weak and politically unstable. ), UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, joins the fight for Angolan independence, Former chief Seretse Khama becomes the first president of an independent Botswana, Spanish Guinea becomes an independent republic as Equatorial Guinea, with Francisco Macias Nguema as president, Go to Equatorial Guinea in ), The Portuguese ban the shipping of slaves from the coast of Angola, Hendrik Potgieter and the Boers, protected by a laager at Vegkop, hold off an attack by a large force of Ndebele tribesmen, After a victory at Vegkop, Boers massacre the inhabitants of a dozen Ndebele villages in secret dawn raids, Piet Retief emerges as the new leader of the Great Trek, replacing Potgieter, Potgieter defeats the Ndebele at the Marico river and drives them north of the Limpopo, Go to Great Trek, the in The British colonies were often subdivided into provinces headed by provincial commissioners or residents, and then into districts headed by district officers or district commissioners. In nearly all African countries today, the language used in government and media is a relic inherited from one of these waves of colonisation. ), By the treaty of Fès a French protectorate is formally established in Morocco, Go to Morocco in It was a pragmatic and parsimonious choice based partly on using existing functional institutions. The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed. European power took control of and transformed most of Africa. Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed. The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed. Arab Springs protests, forced president Hosni Mubarak to resign. Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed. A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed. A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.
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